NIOS CLASS 10 PAINTING CHAPTER-2 HISTORY AND APPRECIATION OF ART FROM 7th AD TO 12th AD

 

LESSON:2

HISTORY AND APPRECIATION OF ART FROM 7th AD TO 12th AD

INTEXT QUESTIONS 2.1

a) Where is Arjuna’s Penance located?

Ans: Mahabalipuram or Mamallapuram

One of Mahabalipuram's wonderful landmarks is Arjuna's Penance. This astounding base air alleviation goes back to the center of the seventh century. The stone monument, standing tall at a tallness of 43 feet, was cut on the substance of two enormous bordering rocks, making it around 96 feet long. In photos, the lofty structure can not be made out it has the right to be lauded by one's own eyes.

b) Arjuna’s Penance was built under which dynasty?

Ans:  Pallava dynasty

As the Chinese Buddhist priest Xuanzang visited Kanchipuram during the Pallava tradition in the seventh century and talked intricately about the visit, Mahabalipuram, a world legacy site recorded in 1984, has profound established associations with China. In the seventh century, during the Pallava realm, Mahabalipuram was a significant port city. This brilliant bas-alleviation is alluded to as the retribution of Arjuna. It was cut in the seventh century and is around 30 m (100 ft) long.

c) What is the other name of Arjuna’s Penance?

Ans: Gangavatarana (Descent of Ganga)

he other name of the Penance of Arjuna is the Descent of the Ganges. The alleviation is more similar to a canvas of Indian stone cut model not seen anyplace in India at its best. It is one of the Mamallapuram Monuments Group, which has been pronounced a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1984.

d) What is the measurement of the sculptural relief?

Ans: 91 ft X 152.ft (Approx)

In the impersonation of a heavenly man, a feline sits on one leg as stout mice swarm around. A group of elephants enters a stream to drink, with a few calves close by.Crawl up a fissure with half human-half snake figures. When investigating the light, sacred men remain on one foot.This cutting is one of the world's biggest alleviation figures, estimating 25 x 12 meters (83 x 38 feet), covering a significant part of the essences of two nearby shakes, with a profound split in the center. During the Pallava Dynasty, this secretive craftsmanship was created (third ninth hundreds of years, C.E.).

INTEXT QUESTIONS 2.2

a) Name one temple site of the Hoysala period.

Ans: Belur

Belur and Halebidu were both once the capitals of the line of Hoysala. From the tenth fourteenth hundreds of years, the Hoysala tradition administered most pieces of Karnataka. In the fourteenth century, Malik Kafur, the originator of the Deccan Sultanate, Alauddin Khilji, looted both Belur and Halebidu. The Hoysala administration concluded the passing of King Ballala II in the battle against Malik Kafur's military. The Vijayanagara domain at that point assumed control over this territory of Belur and Halebidu.

b) Name the earlier name of Halebid.

Ans: Dvarasamudra

In the twelfth and thirteenth hundreds of years, Dwarasamudra was previously the hotbed of the Hoysala domain and was a prosperous city until it was looted and scoured twice in the fourteenth century by the powers of Allaudin Khalji (Delhi Sultanate), which left it in a condition of ruin. The spot got known as Halebidu a short time later which is a real sense means the old capital.

c) When did Hoysala kings become powerful?

Ans: Hoysala kings became powerful in the eleventh century.

d) Where was the Hoysala kingdom?

Ans: Deccan

In the archaic history of India, the Deccan Kingdoms are of incredible importance. This paper altogether covers information on different Deccan Kingdoms and a portion of their critical commitments. This article reveals insight into the Deccan Kingdoms starting in the sixth century A.D. Chalukyas and other significant Deccan Kingdoms, for example, Hoysalas, Kakatiyas, and so forth.

e) From where the given example of sculpture has been found?

Ans: Belur

The model of a lady, displaying stylized ladylike highlights, remaining close to a tree and snatching a branch is a salabhanjika or shalabhanjika. Madanakai, madanika, or shilabalika are likewise known, and the word is fairly inseparable from female yakshi, tree-diagramming. A customary enhancing highlight of Indian figure, the shalabhanjika is a lovely stone model portraying a young lady in different postures under a stylized tree, for example, moving, preparing herself, or playing an instrument.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 2.3

a) What is this Surasundari figure has been shown playing?

Ans: Drum

1.Surasundari is an incredible however gently cut female figure from the sanctuary of the Konarka Sun.

2. She's depicted playing the drum.

3. Considering her broadness, she is incredibly elegant and wears delicately cut trimmings between her bosoms.

4. Rhythmic position.

One of the best Odishan engineering, the Sun Temple, was planned by King Narsimhadeva

This sanctuary is known for its amazing models.

Surasundari is important for a gathering of female vocalists, cut from the specialty of the sanctuary.

Since the second century BCE, Buddhist and Jain hallowed places have highlighted figures as Yakshis and different spirits.

b) Who built the Sun temple of Konarka?

Ans: Narasimhadeva

• Konark's Sun Temple (Surya Deula), perhaps the best illustration of Hindu engineering, was planned by Narasimha I (1238-64).
• Free Kalinga stayed a stronghold of Hindu confidence in the thirteenth and fourteenth hundreds of years when a large portion of India went under the control of Muslim powers.
• To commend his triumph, Narasimha I, the child of Anangabhima, attacked southern Bengal in 1243, vanquished its Muslim lord, held onto the capital (Gauda), and established the Sun Temple at Konarak.

c) Where is the Sun temple of Konarka situated?

Ans: Orissa

• Imagined as a goliath stone chariot with 12 wheels, the Konark or Konarak Sun sanctuary is committed to the Hindu sun god Surya and is the most conspicuous of a couple of sun sanctuaries built in India.
• It is arranged on the shoreline in the province of Odisha, around 35 km upper east of the city of Puri (prior Orissa). In 1984 CE, the sanctuary in its current state was proclaimed a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

d) What is the sculpture made of?

Ans: Stone

• Stone, lumber, metal, earth, ivory, and mortar are the most important of these. There is likewise an assortment of materials that have come into utilization as of late.
• Stone, lumber, metal, earth, ivory, and mortar are the most pertinent of these. There is likewise an assortment of materials that have come into utilization as of late. Perhaps the most punctual figure started from the stages.
• You can sculpturally utilize any material that can be framed in three measurements. Certain materials have demonstrated especially suitable on account of their primary and tasteful properties and their accessibility.

e) Which dynasty did Konarka belong to?

Ans: Ganga Dynasty

• A middle-aged Indian line that ruled from Kalinga from as right on time as the fifth century to the mid-fifteenth century, the Eastern Ganga line was otherwise called Rudhi Gangas or Prachya Gangas.
• The administration controlled domains comprised of the whole current Indian territory of Odisha just as parts of Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. 'Langella' Narasingha Deva I was an incredible Eastern Ganga Dynasty ruler and champion or suryabansha of early middle age Odisha who controlled c. 1238-1264

TERMINAL EXERCISES

1. Write in brief about the relief of Arjuna’s Penance. Where is it located?

Ans: Located in:

Area: Tamilnadu, Mahabalipuram

Hugeness: One of the world's biggest outdoors canvases of rock

Another close-by attraction: Shore Temple, Pancha Pandava Rathas, Mandapa Krishna, Varaha Cave, and Butterball Krishna.

• Mamallapuram, prominently known as Mahabalipuram, is known for its sublime craftsmanship and engineering of the seventh and eighth hundreds of years,particularly stone carvings.
• Mahabalipuram is a lovely traveler with objective gratitude to the solid stone developments, shore sanctuaries, carvings, and brilliant seashores.
• The Penance of Arjuna is one of Mahabalipuram's most unmistakable stone carvings. It's a major help worked out of two huge stones.
• One of the world's biggest outside stone canvases, the compensation of the Arjuna is 31m long and 9m tall.
• There are broad carvings on the outside of the stone, indicating the most charming and common interpretations of creatures particularly elephants and monkeys.
• Regarding the matter of Arjuna's atonement, there are a few ways of thinking. One school accepts that the model delineates an endeavor by Arjuna to procure an uncommon weapon against his adversaries.
• The other school asserts that it mirrors the legend of the plummet of the Ganges River to earth. Whatever the reasons, one of the most perfectly cut structures at Mamallapuram remains Arjuna retribution.
• There are more than 100 figures of divine beings and semi-divine creatures, winged animals and monsters, people and holy people in Arjuna's Penance.
• The capably cut building, the atonement of Arjuna, is named after Arjuna, the Mahabharatha saint.
• The subject of the cutting, as referenced above is either how Arjuna, one of the Pandava siblings, done extraordinary severities.
• So he could get the blade of Lord Shiva to murder his adversaries or an illustration of how King Bhagiratha brought the Ganges River practical so his precursors' spirits could rest in peace. Some of the celebrated legends from the Panchatantra books are likewise present in the help.
• For their imperativeness and immediacy, the figures that are molded on the stone are noteworthy and say a lot about the capacities of the artists.

2. Where is the Sun temple of Konarka? Write in brief about it.

Ans: ·  Culture significance: The Konark or Konarak Sun sanctuary is committed to the Hindu sun god Surya, and, imagined as a goliath stone chariot with 12 wheels, it is the most noticeable of a couple of sun sanctuaries built in India. It is arranged on the shoreline in the province of Odisha, around 35 km upper east of the city of Puri (prior Orissa). It was developed 1238-1264 (eighth century CE - fifteenth century CE). In 1984 CE, the sanctuary in its current state was pronounced a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

·  Even though few sections are currently in remnants, guests, as well as Hindu explorers, keep on drawing in what survives from the sanctuary complex. Konarak remains an exemplary illustration of Hindu sanctuary engineering, total with a large number of subjects with an amazing casing, models, and fine art.

·  It in this way implies that the sun god was the principal god, and the sanctuary was developed in a rakish shape. The sanctuary follows the style of design of Kalinga or Orissa, which is a subset of Hindu sanctuary engineering's nagara style. In the entirety of its virtue, the Orissa style is accepted to exhibit the nagara style. The nagara was one of the three kinds of Hindu sanctuary engineering these sorts can be recognized by the visual portrayal of highlights, for example, the ground plan and rise.

·  A square floor plan, including a safe-haven and get together space, portrays the nagara style (mandapa). There is a monstrous curvilinear pinnacle (shikhara), inclining inwards and covered as far as tallness. The nagara style was embraced disregarding the way that Odisha lies in the eastern zone.

·  There are fundamentally two key qualities of the Orissa style: the deal or the sanctum lodging the god covered up by a shikhara, and the Jaganmohan or get together corridor. The last has a pyramidal rooftop developed by severance of stages known as ideas that subside. The two frameworks inside structure squares and utilize a mutual stage.

·  The style here follows the engineering of the sanctuary of Lingaraja, worked around 1100 CE in the present-day town of Bhubaneshwar, Odisha's state capital, and referred to locally as the style of Khakhara. The sanctuary is situated inside a wide quadrangular court encompassed by enormous dividers in this style and witha gigantic door in the east.

·  Built totally in stone, the Konarak sanctuary is looking like a gigantic chariot with twelve sets of luxuriously ornamented wheels, drawn by seven jogging, lavishly caparisoned ponies. Against the sides of the 'chariot', the wheels were cut. Looking like a chariot, the origination of this sanctuary has generally to do with Hindu convictions about Surya that he is typically found on a chariot drawn by seven ponies.

3. What are the characteristics of the Konarka sculptures?

Ans: Characteristics of the Konarka:

• The complex of sanctuaries extends more than 26 sections of land. In its development, three sorts of stones were utilized, in particular, Chlorite, Laterite, andKhondalite rocks. The first sanctuary comprised the fundamental safe-haven that was encircled by other more modest structures, called Bada Deul or Rekha Deul.Another more modest sanctum called the Bhadra Deul, or the get-together corridor of individuals remained before the primary sanctuary. The principle safe-haven is assessed to have a tallness of around 225 feet, however very few remaining parts of the structure.
• What has persevered through the ages is simply the more modest sanctum, which is a magnificent structure. It has a tallness of around 100 feet and is covered all up with delightful stone carvings. This sanctum, similar to the Khajuraho Temple in Madhya Pradesh, is praised for its mind-boggling fine art, topics, and iconography, which likewise incorporates suggestive depictions. A few different structures and sanctums have additionally endure, aside from this more modest sanctum. These incorporate the moving lobby or Nata Mandir, the sanctuary of the nine planets, and the kitchen or Bhoga Mandapa.

4. Write in brief about the particular example of Krishna Govardhana sculpture from the Hoysala period.

Ans: ·  Hinduism, which has been created over more than 2,000 years, is a union of common and strict qualities, ceremonies, ordinary exercises, and customs, epitomizing complex imagery that mixes the regular world with reasoning.

·  The Hoysalas hold a curious area throughout the entire existence of Indian engineering. Hoysalas adjusted the styles of Vesara and Dravidian and made another building structure.

·  Thus, it's only the climax of the engineering of Chalukyan and is called 'design's Hoysala style.' Dasoja, Chavana, Kedaraja, Nagoya, Jakkanna, Mallitamma, Byroja and others were the incredible artists who developed the greater part of the Hoysala sanctuaries

·  Hindu sanctuaries began as basic holy places lodging a divinity and had formed into all-around expressed structures when of the Hoysalas, in which admirers looked for the amazing quality of the regular world.

·  Hoysala sanctuaries were not kept to any carefully coordinated Hindu custom and empowered explorers from different reverential Hindu developments.

5. Write the main characteristics of Hoysala period sculptures.

Ans: Main characteristics of the Hoysala period: There are star-formed Hoysala sanctuaries. The sanctuaries have a pinnacle over the sanctum (sikhara) (Garbhagriha). This pinnacle is in a pyramid shape.

·  The sanctuaries of Hoysala are based on a 4 to 5-foot raised stage (jati). The storm cellar's dividers are enriched with carvings of stone.

·  Just over the stage, space is left to do pradakshana of the sanctuary, called Pradhakshinapatha, all around the sanctuary.

·  There are cut stone windows with gaps in the sanctuaries and fancy models cover the dividers.

·  There are stone carvings outwardly dividers of the sanctuaries, the base part comprises of a line of elephants, goats, blossom plans, swans, stories from the sagas and Puranas.

·  There are choice carvings in stone on the entryways of the sanctuaries and a couple of dwarapalakas remain on each side.

·  The center of the corridor's roof has multifaceted Bhuvaneshwari carvings. The figures of moving young ladies in different postures are remaining on the sections over the columns.

·  Hoysala sanctuaries were reviewed as one cell (ekakuta) sanctuaries to five cells (panchakuta) sanctuaries as indicated by the number of cells (kutas), for instance. Little and plain square chambers are the sanctums (Garbhagriha).

6. Write in short about the Konarka Sun temple.

Ans: ·  History: The word Konark gets from the name Konarka in Sanskrit. Konarka is a combination of two words for example 'Kona', which means corner, and 'Arka' signifies Light, which holds the feeling of 'Sun of the corner' when these two words are joined. It was accordingly, one of the old habitats of the love of the Sun God in India. In a few strict sacred writings and Puranas, the presence of the Sun sanctuary is referred to. The spot is depicted in Puranas as Munira or Mundirasvamin, which was later supplanted by the Konarka name.

·  The current sanctuary shows the force and security of the Ganga Empire, as it was established by King Narasimha Dev I of the East Ganga tradition during the thirteenth century. To celebrate his victory over the Muslims, it was based on his illustrious status and notoriety. The lord picked this particular area for the development of the sanctuary because, since his youth, Narasimha dev has been enchanted by the excellence of the Sunrise and the thundering voice of the ocean at this place. The Chandrabhaga River, streaming a mile toward the north side of the sanctuary, joined the ocean. The towns thrived on the bank of this channel, which had their significant exchanges done to unfamiliar nations through the ocean courses. Furthermore, two Supreme gods since antiquated occasions one mother Earth is loved as Dharitri Maata and the other is the Sun god. The Sun God is known as the world's incomparable ruler and the main energy-giving substance of creation.

·  Architecture: The sanctuary is planned in a staggering stupendous chariot style with 24 wheels drawn by seven running ponies towards the sunrise, giving theimpression of bringing the Sun god through the sky. The times of the week mirror these seven ponies pulling the sanctuary eastwards. The eastern door, where the sculptures of two lions executing war elephants are mounted, is the principal passage of the sanctuary. There is a man under the elephant. Here the lion sculpture represents pride, and the elephant represents riches, which further exhibits these two people.

·  A pyramidal rooftop made of sandstone that ascents 30m in stature have the immense system of the sanctuary. It is adorned with profoundly progressed and refined iconographies that speak to contemporary life's regular exercises. The establishment of the Temple is enhanced with models comprising of divine beings, for example, Lord Vishnu, Lord Shiva, and Goddess Shakthi.