2.HISTORY AND APPRECIATION OF ART FROM 7th AD TO 12th AD || NIOS- Secondray Course || PANTING-225 Class X.

Chapter-2

HISTORY AND APPRECIATION OF ART

FROM 7th AD TO 12th AD


After the golden period of the Gupta dynasty, the development in the field of art and architecture continued under different dynasties. In the post Gupta period, the centres of the art activities shifted to southern and eastern India. In the 7th century AD Pallavas became powerful. Their capital was Mamallapuram or Mahabalipuram. 

The main centres, which flourished during this period, were Mamallapuram and Kanchipuram. Hence a major portion of art works of this period are found in these centres. Some of the important contributions of the Pallavas in the field of Art are seen at Mahabalipuram. These are Pancharathas, Arjuna’s Penance, Mandapas, the relief sculptures and many more. After the Pallavas, the important Southern dynasties were Chalukyas, Cholas and Hoysalas. Pallava, Chalukyan, and Chola sculptures show a gentleness, which was not seen before. While the Cholas excelled in the technique of bronze sculptures, Hoysala period is remembered for the stone sculptures with intricate works. They are known for their subtle poses, rhythms and movements in their works. Some of the best temple architectures were also built during their time, like Haysaleswara temple at Halebid, Kesava temple of Somnathpur. After the Palas and Senas, the dynasty that became prominent was the Ganga dynasty in the east. This dynasty is remembered as an important builder and is credited with the construction of the gorgeous and majestic Sun temple of Konarka in Orissa. The temple, which is in the form of a chariot drawn by horses, is world famous for its architecture and sculptures. Though the architecture is damaged badly, what remains is enough for us to understand the greatness of the artists of this period.


गुप्त वंश के स्वर्ण काल ​​के बाद, विभिन्न राजवंशों के तहत कला और वास्तुकला के क्षेत्र में विकास जारी रहा। गुप्त काल के बाद, कला गतिविधियों के केंद्र दक्षिणी और पूर्वी भारत में स्थानांतरित हो गए। 7 वीं शताब्दी ईस्वी में पल्लव शक्तिशाली हो गए। उनकी राजधानी मामल्लपुरम या महाबलीपुरम थी। इस अवधि के दौरान पनपने वाले मुख्य केंद्र ममल्लापुरम और कांचीपुरम थे। इसलिए इस अवधि के कला कार्यों का एक बड़ा हिस्सा इन केंद्रों में पाया जाता है। कला के क्षेत्र में पल्लवों के कुछ महत्वपूर्ण योगदान महाबलीपुरम में देखे जाते हैं। ये पंचरथ, अर्जुन की तपस्या, मंडप, राहत की मूर्तियां और भी बहुत कुछ हैं। पल्लवों के बाद, महत्वपूर्ण दक्षिणी राजवंश चालुक्य, चोल और होयसला थे। पल्लव, चालुक्य, और चोल मूर्तियां एक सौम्यता दिखाती हैं, जो पहले नहीं देखी गई थीं। चोल कांस्य की मूर्तियों की तकनीक में उत्कृष्ट प्रदर्शन करते हुए, होयसाल काल को जटिल रचनाओं के साथ पत्थर की मूर्तियों के लिए याद किया जाता है। वे अपने सूक्ष्म छंद, लय और आंदोलनों के लिए जाने जाते हैं। कुछ सर्वश्रेष्ठ मंदिर स्थापत्य भी उनके समय के दौरान बनाए गए थे, जैसे हलेबिड में ह्लेसलेश्वर मंदिर, सोमनाथपुर का केशव मंदिर। पलास और सेना के बाद, जो राजवंश प्रमुख हो गया, वह पूर्व में गंगा वंश था। इस राजवंश को एक महत्वपूर्ण बिल्डर के रूप में याद किया जाता है और इसे उड़ीसा के कोणार्क के भव्य और राजसी सूर्य मंदिर के निर्माण का श्रेय दिया जाता है। मंदिर, जो घोड़ों द्वारा खींचे गए रथ के रूप में है, अपनी वास्तुकला और मूर्तियों के लिए विश्व प्रसिद्ध है। यद्यपि वास्तुकला बुरी तरह से क्षतिग्रस्त है, लेकिन इस अवधि के कलाकारों की महानता को समझने के लिए हमारे लिए क्या पर्याप्त है।

GLOSSARY

 Plasticity - Softness

Tilt - Slight bend

Undercutting - Cuts in the deeper layers in a sculpture

Contours - Boundary line

Schist - One kind of stone

Cleft - Gap

Meditating - Worshipping

Monumentality - Hugeness felt inspite of smaller scale

Characterization - Creation and convincing representation

 Penance - Meditation

Draperies - Cloth, Fabric

Subtle - Delicate

Chariot - Two-wheeled vehicle


INTEXT QUESTIONS 2.1
Q.a) Where is Arjuna’s Penance located?
Ans: Arjuna’s Penance is located in Mahabalipuram or Mamallapuram.
Q.b) Arjuna’s Penance was built under which dynasty?
Ans: Arjuna’s Penance was built under the Pallava dynasty.
Q.c) What is the other name of Arjuna’s Penance?
Ans: The other name of Arjuna’s Penance is Gangavatarna which literally means the descent of Ganga.
Q.d) What is the measurement of the sculptural relief?
Ans:The measurement of the sculptural relief is approximately 91ft.×152ft.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 2.2
Q.a) Name one temple site of the Hoysala period.
Ans: We can see the Hoysala temple at Belur.
Q.b) Name the earlier name of Halebid.
Ans: The earlier name of Halebid is Dwarasamudra.
Q.c) When did the Hoysala kings become powerful?
Ans: The Hoysala kings became powerful in the 11th century.
Q.d) Where was the Hoysala kingdom?
Ans: The Hoysala kingdom was situated at Deccan.
Q.e) From where the given example of sculpture has been found?
Ans: The given example of sculpture has been found from Belur.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 2.3
Q.a) What is this Surasundari figure has been shown playing?
Ans: This Surasundari figure has been shown playing drum.
Q.b) Who built the Sun temple of Konarka?
Ans: Narsimhadeva- I has built the Sun Temple of Konark.
Q.c) Where is the Sun temple of Konarka situated?
Ans: The Sun temple of Konarka is situated in Orissa.
Q.d) What is the sculpture made of?
Ans: The sculpture made of stone.
Q.e) Which dynasty did Konarka belong to? 
Ans: Konarka belonged to the Ganga dynasty.

TERMINAL EXERCISES
Q.1. Write in brief about the relief of Arjuna’s Penance. Where is it located?
Ans: The relief of Arjuna's penance is represented on to use Boulders.The relief is made of a crowd of life-size human and animal figures. They represent Gods, demi-gods and sages. They are shown in the flying position. Even Arjuna is represented in the meditating position in one corner of the relief. Beside, a huge human figure is identified as Lord Shiva by his trident over his shoulders,and trying to receive the flow of Ganga in his hair.The entire composition is certainly a masterpiece of sculpture.
Arjuna's penance is located at Mamallapuram so called Mahabalipuram.
 
Q.2. Where is the Sun temple of Konarka? Write in brief about it.
Ans: The Sun temple of Konark is situated in Orissa. Narasimha Dev - I of the Ganga Dynasty built this temple. The Sun temple of Konark is the best example of great Orissan architecture. The gigantic structure and larger than life- size sculptures are the characteristic features of the Sun temple. We can count Surasundri carved on the walls of the temple as the mastery of the Hoysala sculptures.
Q.3. What are the characteristics of the Konarka sculptures?
Ans:The characteristics features of the Konarka sculpture tell the story of a distinct type of sculptural development. The sculptural style of the Pala period has greatly influenced the Konark sculptures. Similarly between them is prevalent in the creation of large images which are usually made of black stone. Besides, the image are found in the right posture and bearing smile on the faces. Of course, these sculptures are famous for beauty and aesthetic value inherent in them.
Q.4. Write in brief about the particular example of Krishna Govardhana sculpture from the Hoysala period.
Ans:The Krishna Govardhana sculptures are the excellent examples of the delicate and intricate Hoysala carvings. Artists have used layers to describe the scenes related to Krishna's life. In the entire sculptures Krishna is represent as the central figure surrounded by human beings and cattel. The posture in rhytmic and makes the composition lyrics from every point of view. Of course, the Krishna sculpture brilliantly presents the typical Hoysala period styles.
Q.5. Write the main characteristics of Hoysala period sculptures.
Ans: The main characteristics of Hoysala period sculptures are described below:
  1. The style applied to the Hoysala period sculptures is greatly influnced by the famous dynasties of the Deccan.
  2. Deep carving and understanding saft rhythms of the body contours, delicate and intricate designs are the integral part of the Hoysala sculptures.
  3. They have also gone deep down into the history of Indian sculptures for their subtle porse, rhythms and movements which the artist have achieved in their creation.
  4. The intricate and detail scenes produced with the help of Hoysala style have some special story to narrate. For instances, the Krishna sculpture - a successful story carved in stone.
Q.6. Write in short about the Konarka Sun temple.
Ans: The Konarka Sun temple is situated in Orissa. The credit of its construction goes to Narsimhadeva-I who was the ruler of the Ganga dynasty. The Konark Sun temple symbolises a different kind of sculptural development during the period. We find the temple is heavily decorated with gigantic structures and larger then life-size sculpture. Besides, the large image are made of black stone which are saft, and artists have beautifully curved out designs on its wall. The Sun temple of Konark is specially remembered for the beautiful drummer famous as Surasundari.


 

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