1.History And Appreciation Of Art From 3000 BC To 600 AD || NIOS- Secondray Course || PANTING-225 Class X.
Chapter-1
BC To 600 AD
Indus Valley Civilization was named after the site from where the first evidence of this civilization was found. Main sites of this civilization are Mohenjo-daro and Harappa (now in Pakistan). Though initially it was considered that this civilization was mainly Indus Valley Civilization was named after the site from where the first evidence of this civilization was found. Main sites of this civilization are Mohenjo-daro and Harappa (now in Pakistan). Though initially it was considered that this civilization was mainly concentrated in the Indus River Valley and was named accordingly, recent excavations show that it was extended beyond the basin of River Indus. This civilization is also known as Harappan Civilization and is believed to have flourished between 2500 B.C. and 1750 B.C. Great numbers of art and antiquities have been found from this period, which include seals, potteries, jewellery, tools, toys and statuettes and other utilitarian objects.
The next important period in Indian history was the time of the Mauryan Dynasty, which was founded by Chandragupta Maurya. Though he himself is an illustrious figure in Indian history, mainly because of his administration and his minister Kautilya, better known as Chanakya, his grandson Ashoka the Great did lots of benevolent works and contributed much to the development of art and architecture. He was a follower of Buddhism and erected pillars all over the empire to spread the teachings of Lord Buddha.
The Mauryan period was followed by the rules of dynasties like Sungas, Satavahanas and Kushans. Kushans had come from outside India but contributed a lot in the development of Indian art and architecture.
The Gupta dynasty, founded by Chandragupta I, succeeded the Kushanas. Guptas were not only great warriors and administrators, but they were also great patrons of different types of arts. Under the imperial of Guptas there occurred an overall development in every field, including all kinds of art and science. This period saw the rise of the legendary personalities like Kalidasa, Aryabhatta and Varahamihira. It is justified to call Gupta Period as the Golden period of Indian History in all respects.
सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता का नाम उस स्थल के नाम पर रखा गया था जहाँ से इस सभ्यता का पहला प्रमाण मिला था। इस सभ्यता के मुख्य स्थल मोहनजो-दारो और हड़प्पा (अब पाकिस्तान में) हैं। हालाँकि शुरू में यह माना जाता था कि यह सभ्यता मुख्य रूप से सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता का नाम उस स्थल के नाम पर रखा गया था जहाँ से इस सभ्यता का पहला प्रमाण मिला था। इस सभ्यता के मुख्य स्थल मोहनजो-दारो और हड़प्पा (अब पाकिस्तान में) हैं। हालांकि शुरू में यह माना जाता था कि यह सभ्यता मुख्य रूप से सिंधु नदी घाटी में केंद्रित थी और तदनुसार नामित किया गया था, हालिया खुदाई से पता चलता है कि यह सिंधु नदी के बेसिन से आगे बढ़ाया गया था। इस सभ्यता को हड़प्पा सभ्यता के रूप में भी जाना जाता है और माना जाता है कि यह 2500 ईसा पूर्व के बीच फली-फूली थी। और 1750 ई.पू. इस काल से बड़ी संख्या में कला और पुरावशेष मिले हैं, जिनमें मुहर, कुम्हार, आभूषण, औजार, खिलौने और प्रतिमाएँ और अन्य उपयोगी वस्तुएँ शामिल हैं।
भारतीय इतिहास में अगला महत्वपूर्ण काल मौर्य राजवंश का समय था, जिसकी स्थापना चंद्रगुप्त मौर्य ने की थी। हालांकि वे खुद भारतीय इतिहास में एक शानदार व्यक्ति हैं, मुख्य रूप से उनके प्रशासन और उनके मंत्री कौटिल्य के कारण, जिन्हें चाणक्य के रूप में जाना जाता है, उनके पोते अशोक महान ने बहुत से काम किए और कला और वास्तुकला के विकास में बहुत योगदान दिया। वह बौद्ध धर्म के अनुयायी थे और भगवान बुद्ध की शिक्षाओं को फैलाने के लिए पूरे साम्राज्य में स्तंभ बनाए गए थे।
मौर्य काल के बाद सुंग, सातवाहन और कुषाण जैसे राजवंशों के नियम थे। कुषाण भारत से बाहर से आए थे लेकिन भारतीय कला और वास्तुकला के विकास में बहुत योगदान दिया।
चन्द्रगुप्त प्रथम द्वारा स्थापित गुप्त वंश ने कुषाणों का उत्तराधिकार किया। गुप्त केवल महान योद्धा और प्रशासक ही नहीं थे, बल्कि वे विभिन्न प्रकार की कलाओं के महान संरक्षक भी थे। गुप्तों के साम्राज्य के तहत हर क्षेत्र में एक समग्र विकास हुआ, जिसमें सभी प्रकार की कला और विज्ञान शामिल थे। इस अवधि में कालिदास, आर्यभट्ट और वराहमिहिर जैसी महान हस्तियों का उदय हुआ। गुप्त काल को भारतीय इतिहास के सभी काल में स्वर्णिम काल कहा जाता है।
INTEXT QUESTION 1.1
Q.a) From where have we found the Dancing Girl sculpture?Ans: We have found the Dancing Girl scalpture from Mohenjo-Daro.
Q.b) What is its height?
Ans: Its height is 4 inches approxmiately.
Q.c) Is the Dancing Girl standing or sitting?
Ans: The Dancing Girl is standing.
Q.d) What is the dress of the Dancing Girl?
Ans : She is without clothes.
Q.e) What is the medium of this sculpture?
Ans: The medium of this sculpture is metal.
Ans: The dancing girl has adopted some sort of contmeporary hair style.
INTEXT QUESTION 1.2
Ans: The Bull Capital was formed in Rampurava.
Q.b) What serves as the base of the Bull Capital?
Ans: Inverted bell shaped lotus serves as the base of the Bull capital.
Q.c) What is there on the abacus of the Bull Capital?
Ans: Plants motifs are carved on the abacus of the Bull capital.
Q.d) Where is this Bull Capital now?
Ans:Now the Bull capital is kept in the National Museum of Kolkata.
Q.e) What is the material of this Bull Capital?
INTEXT QUESTIONS 1.3
Q.(a) Where do we find the Ajanta caves?
Ans:We find Ajanta caves near Aurangabad in Maharastra.
Q.(b) In which phase was Lord Buddha shown in symbolic way?
Ans:Lord Buddha was shown in symbolic in the Hinayana phase.
Q.(c) What is the type of colours used in the Black Princess?
Ans: Earth colours are used in the Black Princess.
Q.(d) In which phase of Ajanta painting Black Princess was done?
Ans: Black Princess was created in the Mahayana phase of the Ajanta painting.
Q. (e) What is the time period of Black Princess?
TERMINAL EXERCISES
Ans:Indus Valley Civilization flourished between 2500 BC-1750 BC. Recent excavations have brought to light the existence of art and craft during the period. Historians are of opinion that the Harappan artists were well skilled. The art and antiquities produced during the period as seals,jewellery,tools,toys and statuettes. They also produced the other utilitarian objects.
Q.2.Describe in brief the posture of the Dancing Girl.
Ans:The Dancing Girl is standing. She has placed her right hand at her waist. Her left hand is resting on her thigh, of course her posture is attractive.
Q.3.Write in short about Mauryan art.
Ans: Art and Architecture made a new pillars are regarded as the treasure of Indian art. Artist had used highly polished stones in the creation of sculpted pillars . The Mauryan period also gave patronage to the tradtional of folk art.
Q.4.Why do we call Gupta period as the golden or the classical period of Indian history?
Ans:The Gupta were the patrons of art. Of course , art made brilliant progress in all respect. The Gupta sculpture demonstrated a perfect blending of style,skill,mastery and imagination. Behind, the period witnessed a new development in the cave and temple architecture. Morever, the Gupta are also credited with the famous paintings of Ajanta. Therefore, the historians have called the period as the golden or classical period in the Indian history.
Q.5.What are the specialities of the Mauryan sculptures?
Ans:The Maurya sculpture are the treasure of Indian art. The Mauryan sculptors enjoyed high techniques of sculpturing and they utilised them in the creation of Ashokan pillars. We know that these pillars are world famous for its highly polished quality and styles.
Q.6.What was the contribution of the Kushans?
Ans:In fact, the Kushanas were the outsider . But they enriched the Indian art in their respectively way. They introduced the concept of sculpted portraiture for the first time. Besides, the Indian art was also encouraged by them.
Q.7.What were the characteristics of the Gupta period paintings?
Ans:The Gupta period paintings have occupied a unique place in the history of Indian paintings. The Ajanta paintings were also completed during the Gupta period . These paintings do not observe the rules of Fresco . The theme of these paintings are religious in nature. The artists have used traditional techinques of tempera i the Ajanta paintings . Black Princess is the best examples of the Gupta period painting. The viewers find some kind of lyrics quality in these paintings.
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