3.HISTORY AND APPRECIATION OF ART FROM 13th CENTURY AD TO 18th CENTURY AD || NIOS- Secondray Course || PANTING-225 Class X

Chapter-3 
HISTORY AND APPRECIATION OF ART FROM 13th CENTURY AD TO 18th CENTURY AD

Lack of patrons definitely affects the growth of art, but it cannot diminish the creativity in an artist. The art scene in India from 12th Century A.D. to 18th Century A.D. proves this. There were lots of changes in the art style of this period. Paintings became small in size like the Jain, Buddhist and Hindu illustrated manuscripts. The Rajput and Mughal paintings are also small in format. In spite of its reduced size, the aesthetic and technical quality are of very high standard.

Besides miniature paintings, relief works in terracotta became very popular in the eastern part of India, particularly in West Bengal. Many temples were decorated with these tiles.

संरक्षकों की कमी निश्चित रूप से कला के विकास को प्रभावित करती है, लेकिन यह एक कलाकार में रचनात्मकता को कम नहीं कर सकती है। भारत में १२ वीं शताब्दी की A.D. से लेकर १D वीं शताब्दी की A.D तक की कला के दृश्य इस बात को प्रमाणित करते हैं। इस काल की कला शैली में बहुत से परिवर्तन हुए। पेंटिंग जैन, बौद्ध और हिंदू पांडुलिपियों की तरह आकार में छोटी हो गई। राजपूत और मुगल चित्र भी प्रारूप में छोटे हैं। इसके कम आकार के बावजूद, सौंदर्य और तकनीकी गुणवत्ता बहुत उच्च स्तर की है।

लघु चित्रों के अलावा, टेराकोटा में राहत कार्य भारत के पूर्वी हिस्से में विशेष रूप से पश्चिम बंगाल में बहुत लोकप्रिय हो गए। कई मंदिरों को इन टाइलों से सजाया गया था।

GLOSSARY

Manuscript – Books, Documents, etc. are written by hand.

Ajanta – Buddhist caves in Maharashtra. Famous for wall paintings and sculptures dated 2nd Century A.D. to 6th Century A.D.

Tempera – A technique of water colour in which white is mixed.

Jain – A religion preached mainly by Mahavira and other Tirthankaras.

Treasure – Wealth

Calligraphy – Style of handwriting. Pahari school of painting – Miniature painting.


INTEXT QUESTIONS 3.1

Q 1.Name the places of origin of Pahari painting.

Ans: The Pahari painting originated at Gular.

Q 2. What is most favourite themes of Guler painting ?

Ans: Radha-Krishna and Ramayana are the most favourite themes of Guler painting.

Q 3. What are the two figures in the foreground of painting Sringar doing ?

Ans:They are tying anklet and pasting sandalwood.

Q 4. Write one characteristic of Guler School.

Ans: The exquisite force and graceful attitude are the characteristics of Guler school.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 3.2

Q 1. When did Jain miniature paintings develop?

Ans: Jain miniature paintings develop during the 7th century A.D. and from the 10th century A.D. to 15th century A.D.

Q 2. What are the illustrations in Jain miniatures?

Ans: The illustrations in Jain miniatures are the images of Tirthankaras like Parshvanath, Neminath, Rishabhnath, etc.

Q 3. Name the predominant colours in  a Jain miniature painting.

Ans: Red, yellow, gold and silver are the predominant colours in a Jain miniature painting.

Q 4. What are the special characters of human figures in these paintings?

Ans: The faces are the profile, eyes in frontal view. Even one of the eyes goes beyond the outline of the face.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 3.3

Q 1. Where is Bishnupur?

Ans: Bishnupur  is in West Bengal.

Q 2. How are the temples of Bishnupur decorated?

Ans:The temples of Bishnupur are decorated with terracotta tiles.

Q 3. What do the figures show in these works of terracotta?

Ans:The figures in these works of terracotta show Shiva-Durga, Radha-Krishna  and the stories of Ramayana and Mahabharata.

Q 4. Mention the period of development of this style.

Ans:17th and 18th century A.D.

TERMINAL EXERCISE

Q 1. Trace the development of art after 12th Century A.D. in India.

Ans: Art did not receive encouragement from the powerful dynasties after 12th century A.D. Construction activities were confined to building forts and Maqbaras . As the Muslim rulers had no interest in the Indian art, they did not patronise it. However, it is fact that the period enriched the Indian art with the illustrated manuscripts. They concentrated on the different religious sects like Hindus, Jains and Buddhists. The centres like Bengal, Bihar and Gujarat functioned like the important centres of these illustrated manuscripts. In Bihar and Bengal, the Pala dynasty gave patronage to the development of these manuscripts.

Q 2. What is terracotta? Describe a temple which is embellished with terracotta tiles.

Ans: Terracotta is hard reddish-brown pottery used for vases, small status, ornamental building material, etc. There are many small temples at Bishnupur which are decorated with terracotta tiles. For instance, Raslila is an excellent example of the terracotta, art. It celebrates the divine love between Radha and Krishna along with their friends so-called Gopis and Gopiyan. This kind of terracotta art was primarily used to decorate the walls of the temples. The Panchmura temples which is dedicated to Shiva or Vishnu is endowed with this kind of terracotta art.

Q 3. Write a note on a selected school of miniature painting of India.

Ans: Guler  is famous for Pahari school of paintings. This special style of painting flourished between 1450 A.D. to 1780 A.D. under the different rulers. Of course, the Guler miniature painting bears a deep influnece of folk art as well as Mughal miniature style. It reached climax during the 18th century A.D. and many other Pahari school of painting such as Kangra were greatly influenced by this style. The romanticism of myth of Krishna and Radha is the characteristic feature of this painting. Besides, the court scene and royal portrait are also expressed through this medium. The typical Rajput painting 'Sringar' depicts such royal scenes.

Q 4. What are the main characteristics of Jain miniature painting?

Ans: The main characteristics of Jain miniature paintings are:

  • Quite stylish figures having heavy gold outlines, the figure having enlarged eyes, and square shaped hands.
  • Strong and vibrant colours of inks and dyes were used.
  • Dresses were reduced to angular segments.
  • Miniature painting refers to fine art done on a smaller scale. These paintings were mainly done on 'tala patra'.



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