18 CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT || NIOS-SECONDARY COURSE || HOME SCIENCE-216 CLASS X

Chapter-18

CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT

INTEXT QUESTIONS 18.1

 

Rearrange the jumbled words. Find your answers from the

clues given below. Justify your answer in one sentence.

 

1. No one taught me to crawl, but one day I showed my parents that I can do it. This is RTMUTAAONI _____________________________________________ _Maturation__________________________________________________________

2. I have learnt to make new friends, it refers to the term NPDEETEOMVL___________________________________________ _Development__________________________________________________________ 

3. I have acquired the skill of skipping because my parents gave me an opportunity to do so NRAIELGN________________________________________________ _Learning__________________________________________________________

4. I am becoming taller and heavier and can be measured in centimeters and kilograms. OTRGHW_________________________________________________ __Growth_________________________________________________________

INTEXT QUESTIONS 18.2

Tick ✅ the correct answer

1. Children who are taller for their age during early childhood years are taller during adulthood also. By this observation which of the following principle of development is proved.

 (i) Development is the product of maturation and learning (ii) Development is predictable ✔

(iii) Rate of development remains constant 

(iv) Early development is more important than later development.

 

2. On the whole the sequence in which a child develops, follows two trends. Tick ✅ the correct answer.

 

(i) Learning and Maturation

(ii) Constant and correlated 

(iii) Growth and development 

(iv) Cephalo-caudal and Proximodistal ✔

 

3. You did not start speaking on the day you were born, instead you developed speech gradually. This is a principle of _________________.

 

(i) development is predictable 

(ii) development proceeds stage by stage  ✔

(iii) rate of development remains constant 

(iv) development is correlated 

INTEXT QUESTIONS 18.3

1. Mention whether the following statements are true or false. If false correct the statement.

 

1. The colour of an individual’s hair is a product of environment. True/False

___________________________________________________False, product of heredity.___

 

2. Good physical and mental development can take place if the child takes good nutrition and his environment is stimulating. True/False __________________________________________________True____ 

3. Each child is unique in terms of genetic makeup even if brought up in similar environments. True/False __________________________________________________True____ 

4. The best type of child rearing practice followed by parents is permissiveness. True/False __________________________________________________False, democratic child rearing practice.____

INTEXT QUESTIONS 18.4

 

Find the suitable words.

1.Listening to a story will enhance a child’s _____Language _________development. 

2. Putting the pieces of puzzle together is a part of __ Cognitive   ________ and _physical_________ development.

 

3. Showing ___ Empathy _________ is an indication of sound social development. 

4. Severe malnutrition will affect _____Overall ________ development. 

5. Climbing a tree is a part of ______Physical _________ development.

 6. Children can communicate to their elders about their needs through their____Emotions____________. 

INTEXT QUESTIONS 18.5

Tick ✅ the correct answer. 

1. If Sufi’s birth height was 21 inches, by her second birthday she will be _____ tall. 

a. 32 inches 

b. 34 inches 

c. 42 inches✔ 

2. Preeti is seven months old; _________incisors must have erupted in her mouth. 

a. Central✔ 

b. Lateral 

c. First molars

 

3. Skills such as running and writing are improved during ________________. 

a. babyhood 

b. infancy

c. early childhood✔ 

4. Amit was born with a birth weight of 7pounds, he will be _______ by the end of his first birthday. 

a. 18 pounds 

b. 14 pounds 

c. 21 pounds✔ 

5. Tanvir and Manvir are 5 years old. The differences in their body builds have become apparent in _____________. 

a. infancy 

b. early childhood✔

c. toddler

TERMINAL EXERCISES 

1. Define the following terms and give atleast two differences between them. 

i. Growth and development, 

ii. Heredity and environment.

Ans:Sufi was growing taller and heavier. This is known as ‘Growth’, which refers to increase in weight, height (length) and changes in body proportions. Growth takes place in the physical aspect only.

Nimrat saw that over the past few weeks, Sufi had become more alert and responsive. While she was growing physically, she was also showing changes in her behaviuor. All these are signs of development.Development takes place in all aspects such as physical, cognitive, language, social, emotional and others.

Difference between growth and development:

 

a) Growth is quantitative and development is qualitative in nature. 

b) Growth refers to physical aspects only; whereas development refers to all aspects such as physical, cognitive, language, emotional, social etc. 

c) Growth is limited to height and weight but development refers to all changes leading towards maturity. Growth stops at certain period of life but development continues till death.

 Heredity and Environment 

Sufi was born with grey eyes and black hair.She ‘inherited’ the colour of her eyes from her mother and her hair was like her father’s. When we use the term inherited, it means the traits which Sufi has acquired from her parents and grandparents. This is called Heredity.

Environment includes all aspects of the surroundings i.e. human and non-human such as parents, family, friends, school, neighbourhood, work place and socio- economic conditions to which the individual is exposed since birth. These factors influence the development of an individual.

2. Give four reasons for individual differences amongst children? 

Ans:Some of the main causes of individual differences are as under:

• Heredity.
• Environment.
• Influence of caste, race and nation.
• Sex differences.
• Age and intelligence.
• Temperament and emotional stability.
• Economic condition and education.

3. Good emotional development helps in establishing cordial relationships. Justify the statement in 60 words. 

Ans:Good emotional development is necessary for good cordial or social relationship with others.

• Children rear by busy and permissive parents are emotionally unstable, and they are not good in studies, they lack the sense of responsibilities and they do not posses any knowledge about maintaining the social relationships with parents, school mates, teacher and relatives.
• Children rear under good parental control helps in stable development of emotions. The children get tender, love and care from parents and parents teach them how to behave with others. This helps in establishment of cordial relationships with others.
• Emotions are the stimulated or moved state of mind. Emotional development is the ability to control and manage one’s emotions. It is important that children in their early childhood are surrounded by people who are emotionally mature and stable and are able to manage their emotions. 

4. Distinguish between physical and motor development. 

Ans:Physical development is the most recognized and observable change in the life of a child.

Sufi has turned two. She enjoys climbing up and down the stairs and uses crayons to scribble on the wall. She is also able to do several other tasks. Now you already know that there is an immense increase in Sufi’s abilities. She is not only gaining height and weight but is also able to walk, jump and make use of a spoon as well as crayons. Physical development is the most recognized and observable change in the life of a child.

The word motor refers to muscular movements. By now we know that Sufi has developed immense control over different muscles of her body. This refers to Motor development.

5. Your friend has bad hand writing. Name the aspect of development in which he is lagging behind? Suggest two activities to help him to improve his hand writing 

Ans:My friend is lagging development in eye-hand coordination along with body control since she/he has bad handwriting:  

• Having good handwriting is a complex skill and it depends o a number of aspects of – the pencil grip, the posture of the body, the letter formation. One needs to have smooth hand-eye coordination, control of body, muscle memory and others to have good handwriting.
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• For someone who has bad handwriting, he/she can improve it – by having a good pen with a nice grip and secondly can practice on lined papers every day seeing a good handwritten template.

6. Suppose a child in your locality is not provided with a stimulating environment in his home. Suggest activities which can help in promoting his cognitive development?

Ans:A child is not provided with a stimulating environment in his home. So to develop that child's cognitive ability:

• Take the child out to interesting places.
• Encourage playing outdoors and constructive games indoor.
• Practice jigsaw puzzles.
• Talk to the child, read books, tell jokes, short stories and ask questions on them.
• Sing aloud together.  
• The cognitive ability of a child decides his learning skill, memory, attention, recalling, thinking, analyzing, understanding, problem-solving, language, etc.